Soviet Union And The Cold War - 1660 Words

Former President Jimmy Carter once stated, â€Å"When I was in the White House, I was confronted with the challenge of the Cold War. Both the Soviet Union and I had 30,000 nuclear weapons that could destroy the entire earth and I had to maintain the peace† (â€Å"Jimmy Carter†). This statement has seemingly remained truthful from the point when Soviet Russia and America worked together to stem, and eventually end, the tide of Nazi Germany’s imperialistic overthrow of Europe. Since the end of World War II to the present day, relations between Russia and America have declined due to the Cold War, improved due to Russia s transition to democracy, and are reverting back to Cold War standards in relation to political involvement and economic standards,†¦show more content†¦Twelve years later, another â€Å"proxy† military conflict occurred in Vietnam when a similar division to that of the Korean War was present. The Russians once again took action to a rm the Northern, and Communist, Vietnamese, whereas America armed the democratic South. After the war dragged on and it was apparent that the South was losing, America sent in troops, illegally, to fight against the Russian armed Northern Vietnamese (Garrett). In the scope of world history, this misdemeanor committed by the U.S. drifted off into nothingness, being that it was done to combat Communism, but, at the time, it truly highlighted America’s undying mission to ensure that Communism never reached America, or any of its allies, even if that meant â€Å"doing the wrong things for the right reasons.† A final military conflict, but by no means the least important, was the Cuban Missile Crisis. In October of 1962, tensions reached a breaking point in Cuba, so much so that nuclear armageddon was narrowly averted. Going back a few years, Nikita Khrushchev, Russia’s premier at the time, and Cuban dictator Fidel Castro were in an agreement that was awfully suspici ous to the U.S.. Both of these anti-American nations being so close in proximity to the U.S. and being in an agreement with, more than likely, hidden agendas threw a large red flag in American national security. With haste, recon missions were deployed in an attempt to discover the true purpose of

The Social Structure Of The West - 1413 Words

8th century and particular causes that explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant of these revolutions. The first of the general causes was the social structure of the West. The feudal regime had been weakened step-by-step and had already disappeared in parts of Europe. The increasingly numerous and prosperous elite of wealthy commoners—merchants, manufacturers, and professionals, often called the bourgeoisie—aspired to political power in those countries where it did not already possess it. The peasants, many of whom owned land, had attained an improved standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of the last vestiges of feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings. Furthermore, from about 1730, higher standards of living had reduced the mortality rate among adults considerably. This, together with other factors, had led to an increase in the population of Europe unprece dented for several centuries: it doubled between 1715 and 1800. For France, which with 26 million inhabitants in 1789 was the most populated country of Europe, the problem was most acute. Voltaire [Credit: Stock Montage/Hulton Archve/Getty Images]A larger population created a greater demand for food and consumer goods. The discovery of new gold mines in Brazil had led to a general rise in prices throughout the West from about 1730, indicating a prosperous economic situation. From about 1770, this trendShow MoreRelatedKurt Lewin As A Good Theory1374 Words   |  6 PagesAgent is the one who engages in these behaviors† (West, 2014). In a marriage, there are rules that are expected to be followed. My husband broke these rules unfortunately. He decided to engage in activities online that broke a rule. 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Contemporary Issues in Marketing Management †Click Now!

Question: Write a report to show you understand the relationships and responsibilities in various sectors. Answer: Importance of Relationship Marketing Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers. Knowledge Management with Customer Relationship Management Knowledge management is defined as a procedure to capture, develop, share and use the organizational knowledge in a multi disciplined approach for achievement of organizational goals by leveraging best of the knowledge. The objectives of knowledge management focus on competitive advantage, shared lessons, innovation, enhanced performance, and continuous performance of the organization. Knowledge management is deployed for the scientific tasks of managing and optimizing intangible assets of the organization. The theories of knowledge management is segregated into techno centric focusing over technology for knowledge creation; organizational management focusing over design of the organization and ecological knowledge management with focus over interaction and collaboration of knowledge, identity, people, environmental factors pertaining to complex adaptive systems. Knowledge management strategies are available in abundance and hence companies do exploit their resources and key skills t o refine the system of knowledge management. The framework of strategies include rewarding system for motivation, storytelling for transferring tacit knowledge, reviews, cross project learning, competence management, best practice transfer, inter project knowledge transfer, social softwares like blogs or bookmarking, collaborative technologies, knowledge mapping, proximity and architecture, master apprentice relationship, reporting of intellectual capital (Rowley, 2004) etc. There are numerous technologies related with the knowledge management like workflow (creation and utilization of documents and forms), enterprise portals (websites aggregating all the information), groupware (technology for threaded discussions, sharing, uniform emails), eLearning (customized training and education software), content management (automation of web content), telepresence (for virtual meetings like videoconference) and scheduling (use of tools like Microsoft Project, Microsoft Outlook for schedulin g and planning tasks). With marketing trends transitioning from result orientation towards customer orientation, organizations are investing their resources heavily in customer resource management by intellectual implementation of information technology and wise utilization of knowledge management. Knowledge management in the domain of customer relationship is basically a signboard for policies and strategies of the organization. Implementation of customer relationship management requires acquisition, documentation, transference and usage of knowledge both internal and external to the organization. The influence of knowledge management comprises of elements including customer interaction, customer value, customer knowledge, customer satisfaction etc. It is a key to understand the experiences in a sharp and intelligent manner relating customers. Successful companies interrelate the features of customer oriented policies with customer knowledge to make efficient business decisions. Integration of Knowledge M anagement with Customer Relationship Management can aid the companies to navigate and keep a record of complex problems of support. Knowledge management is the catalyst in the process of customer relationship management by the means of knowledge acquisition to develop insights, skills and relationships to enable the customers to go through a self expansion process to go out the boundaries of business; knowledge documentation in which documents, spreadsheets, pictures, databases, illustrations, emails, web pages, and such resources are consumed by the process to enhance customer knowledge to be reused for the future purposes dealing with changing customers trends; knowledge transfer via which customer information can be transferred by the means of codified communication, personal communication, embodied KT; knowledge creation to involve ontological dimensions and domains including explicit and tacit knowledge innovation at customer, group or organizational level (Arnett, 2005). Role of ICT in CRM Technology have made the research, review and discussion of the customers views and requirements on an online base. The new challenges for the business are to understand the behavior of the customers for retention and to adapt to the services and expectations for customer relationship management. ICT make it easier to get in touch with the customers by management of calls, advertisements, channels etc. Business is made easier by the integration of information and communication technology to refine the customer relationship. The contemporary customers are connected, demanding, networked and therefore the business processes are adopting the features of ICT to meet up the expectations of the customers and to make them satisfied. Business needs to focus their knowledge and resources to give customers a high degree of response which is possible by integration of ICT by the means of online complaint system, online chat rooms for customer problem appraisals, call center services, voice hand ling tools and many more such technological services available for customers. Use of service clouds (Jayachandran, 2005) which is a gift of ICT is effectively used to manage customer database for effective services provided in future. Customer reachability is enhanced by integration of new communication channels provided by ICT such as messages, emails, feedback, online surveys etc. With technology of web mining consumer profiles and data can be efficiently handled and managed. Email marketing is used for CRM which have various features imbibed in plethora of models like newsletters, surveys, reminders, campaigns, alerts etc. Nowadays the trend is not just to feed the information into the conventional databases but CRM have paved the path for continuous updating of customer needs and their level of acceptance towards new technologies. Role of CRM in retail industry Customer Relationship Management is the key for successful enforcement of techniques to ensure customer loyalty and retention to increase the sales and purchases of the company. In retail sector, CRM programs have played a key role in transforming the business from buyer led organizations towards customer focused groups. Some innovative features like loyalty cards and offer coupons helps the companies to know more about the preferences of their customers and further aid to segment the market to make customized decisions. Online retailing is another innovation to enhance the feature of CRM. CRM is really beneficial to the retail industry by incorporating various steps such as database formation by the means of loyalty or future cards, customer profitability analysis, interaction on an individual basis and segmentation based over needs. Various companies handle the system for CRM in retailing by the means of screening, investigating, acknowledging, formulating a solution, responding an d following up. Operational CRM is used in sales force automation for tracking the customer preferences, to administer the retail sales, to forecast the future sales, to manage the accounts, and to manage the performance metrics. It is also used in customer service support for retail industry for automation and coordination for service requests, product returns, enquiries and customer complaints and also for support services like call centers, web portals, remote virtual interaction to contract centers (Cuthbertson, 2004). CRM in retailing is also used for enterprise marketing automation to apply technology in retail marketing, to deal with macro environmental factors, to campaign for segments and to increase the retail marketing efficiency. Recommendation to improve CRM in banking sector 1. Potential banking customers must be involved prior to the introduction of the CRM in banking sector so as to have a pre execution review. 2. Staff must be trained as per the strategies of CRM and they must be on their toes to serve the loyal customers of the bank which can be very well evaluated by implementation of CRM software in the industry. 3. A constructive feedback facility should be available and customers must be approached for constant meetings or rewards so as to enhance their loyalty towards banks. There should be incentives set apart for them falling under the domain of CRM. 4. Introduction of eCRM for banks will be a competitive edge (Liu, 2007) to efficiently manage the accounts and ease up the process of communication. System and software development should be implemented to assess credit risk management and to include business intelligence software under the light of sophisticated CRM. 5. Capacity of the staff must be developed pertaining to human resource development and organizational setting to handle vast economic market for enhancement of quality and satisfaction. ROLE OF MARKETING IN NON TRADITIONAL CONTEXT Stakeholder analysis of Public sector organization Stakeholder Role Interest Influence Facts Expectations CEO administrator high high Demand of complete information and hold Frequent updates and engagement in important tasks and decisions MD manager high high Demand of overall control and monitoring Engagement in special tasks and decisions. PROJECT HEADS Team Leaders high medium Interested in results and not details Resource consumption reports, deadline respect, quality work CUSTOMER SUPPORT Support services medium low For general public issues or complaints Quality services within required timeframe EMPLOYEES workforce medium medium Workforce for execution of tasks Dedicated work as per the directions within budget and time CUSTOMERS End users low Low Stakeholder analysis for voluntary organization Stakeholder Role Interest Influence Facts Expectations MD Manager high high Demand of overall control and monitoring Engagement in main tasks and decisions LEADER Main head high High Voice and face of the organization Every detail, information, result and report handling EMPLOYEES Voluntary workers High medium Workforce for voluntary tasks Long term association with organization VOLUNTEERS OR FOLLOWERS End followers or believers for support High medium Free supporters for social cause Long term association with the voluntary team Relationship of non-profit organizations with customers The sole aims of nonprofit organizations are drifted away from financial gains or economic profits and benefits and can be related to social work or dissemination of some socially important information. For non-profit organizations performing social works, there is a direct and open relationship with the customers so as to enhance their support and interaction (Drucker, 1995) with the organization for charity purposes like orphanages or old age homes. Customers are treated as a part of the voluntary organization with cordial and warm environment. However, on the other hand, the non profit organization related with spreading of a social message have least or no interaction or relationship with the end customers as the main aim is to disseminate information rather than building supportive contacts. To cite examples of both the types of relationship, we will take into consideration, a non profit organization which is closely related with protecting cause of children worldwide and another which is responsible for spreading cancer protection awareness. BICE is an international organization with have a direct relationship with the end clients i.e. volunteers, children, and other organizations in relation with it. Breast Cancer Care is an organization which though is not directly related with the patients but is responsible for spreading awareness and conducting programs for breast cancer in UK. Marketing in public, private and voluntary sector Each of the public, private or voluntary sector have different marketing techniques with different marketing mix targeting different segment of the markets with all-together different purposes. The main aim of private sector companies are to increase the profit by either extending their product range and diversity, by investing in high quality advertisements, having longer operational hours for the marketing team, having plethora of distribution channels like TV or papers or social media etc. Another marketing purpose is to attract new customers or to build up refined form of existing customers. With the public sector, money is not the goal for marketing as it is basically oriented towards use of the entire population for a good cause or general requirements. They do not include specialized or customized products that would require specific advertising or aid of media. Their marketing techniques are supportive or preventive at certain times when it is related with government or such regulatory bodies. Voluntary organizations make marketing as an important tool to highlight their contributions and to appeal to the potential customers to work with their organization. Sometimes, the aim of marketing is to seek for money but that money is focused for charitable cause which is explicitly mentioned in their marketing and distribution mediums or channels. There have been a up rise in competition which have made marketing strategies focused towards customer attraction irrespective of private or voluntary sector but leaving the public sector untouched for a general benefit or holistic target. Issues in marketing of virtual organizations Virtual organizations are formed by collaboration of firms to provide high quality of innovative products and services responding to customers demands. But virtual organizations take upon really challenging and complex forms when it comes to planning of marketing strategies, need of new management and blurring of marketing boundaries. Strategic planning and marketing strategies pose up challenges to effectively define core competencies of the virtual organization. A common vision and a common agreement is quintessential for the partners in the cooperating firms (Kirkman, 2002). The virtual organization needs to have leaders who are able to manage the change and innovate in a manner which is strategically suitable and matching up with the marketing approaches of all the participatory firms and businesses. With almost minimal or no face to face interaction, it is really challenging and difficult to devise common plans which are practically possible and executable. Marketing strategies can be flawed to a great limit due to lack of direct communication among the virtual organization. Moreover, effective supervision is another challenge if the work within the marketing team is not properly delegated. Therefore, marketing department in the virtual organization will face plethora of challenges and issues which can be overcome by online training sessions, open communication and common goal setting. EXTENDED MARKETING MIX Use of extended marketing mix in hospitality industry Extended marketing mix comprises of factors like product, price, promotion, people, place, process, physical environment. By the right use of this marketing mix, the hospitality sector, which can ensure that the right kind of services reach the market at the very right time clubbed up with right promotional strategies to target the market segments. Effective evaluation of this extended marketing mix will actually help the business to remain competitive in the market and extend its share and influence over other rivals. A suitable marketing mix is made up several different ingredients which is truly different for every customer. Hospitality industry specifically relates to marketing mix as the sole purpose of the industry is to provide world class services regardless of other characteristics of the business. Extended marketing mix will add components of people, process and physical environment to the basic conglomerate of product, price, promotion and place to extend the functionaliti es covered in the market analysis so as to give a better and a bigger picture internal to the service industry. A very unique feature for hospitality industry pertaining to marketing mix is that, they have to focus upon pre marketing mix to influence consumers, encounter marketing mix at the point of sales, and post encounter mix to influence customers after service experience. An efficient marketing mix is used for indication of marketing variables used by sales team for targeting specific guests or the marketing segments such as transient, conference, leisure, corporate, groups (Jeong, 1998) etc. Every hotel in hospitality department should have a toolkit of right services and definition of good promotional strategies in an online and offline manner combining it with the right pricing. Product Mix to enhance Customer Value Marketing mix of product is the most important element of the mix to develop effective customer value creation techniques and strategies. This value creation for the customers is for sales growth and sustainability of the business. Other elements of the marketing mix revolves around the product mix strategies. A product marketing mix must be developed focusing over product differentiation which will identify the concept of product positioning and understands the product lifecycle for customer value creation. For meeting up the expectations of the customers, it is required that the product have right and desirable features as demanded and expected. The product mix is the central point of focus for marketing energies. This includes a process to find out techniques to make the product, set up the production line, provide the finance related to the product development (Yoo, 2000), and to critically be concerned about what the product means to the customers. The range of the product may b e diversified, the features of the product might be refined and enhanced, new product line shall be introduced or a product might be repositioned to make it better and more acceptable to the end consumers to form a long term partnership. The offerings by an organization presented by the means of marketing mix (more focused over product factor) are not only the collection of tangible assets or benefits leveraged out of the service industry but something that will provide a meaning and enhance the customers life. Solutions for marketing challenges in hospitality industry The hospitality industry have been faced with abundance of challenges may it be cost management, branding, technology, distribution revolution, social media, marketing segmentation, increased guest sophistication and many such issues. Cost savings for the marketing strategies should be achieved with the help of effective operational strategies to aim at doling right things in a right way to contain the cost within the present techniques. The overlapping of brands due to the concept of franchising have made a single brand competitor of itself. Therefore, there is a need to check the number and quality of franchises distributed for a brand so as to uphold its essence and not imbibe a sense of competition in the brand. The segmentation of market should be done after a thorough analysis and each and every segment must be targeted with some or the other strategy. Customers have become tremendously sophisticated and selective (Victorino, 2005) in the terms of facilities provided in the hot els or motels and hence, lack of a specific recreational requirement may not appeal to the guests being served. The reputation of the hotel is created in the digital space with the help; of feedback and reviews from the clients and therefore, marketing must go online or adopt online mode for offers, coupons, discounts, reservations, feedback and opinions. Business intelligence is being applied along with guest profiling so as to give them best of the experience. Therefore, challenges pertaining to service marketing can be overcome with effective solutions by amalgamating features of guest profiling, social media, branding and many more such domains. Role of IT in financial service marketing management IT plays a pivotal role in processing, storage and accessing of information to improve the service sector and its marketing management by providing innovative solutions of products and for their marketing. Financial and banking sectors have been major and responsible users for ICT utilizing management information softwares, high speed data networks, distributed computing services, relational database management system, open systems etc. ATM services have gone viral in the financial service sector and is a contribution from IT providing various services to the banking customers. Virtual banks is a multimedia technology to bring banks at the doorstep of the customers and is usually termed as Kiosk or customer activated terminal (Nguyen, 1998). Smart phones with programmable microprocessors have led to home banking services to access variety of services from home. Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of Sales have buy now and pay later advantages. Smart cards and credit cards provide numer ous customer benefits. Electronic Data Interchange are used for paperless financial transactions to carry out funds transfer, open credit letters, cash flow management etc. Decision Support System like investment decisions, credit risk appraisal, forecasting loan delinquencies are most promising developments with effective implementation of neural networks for detection of credit card frauds. Image processing technology being a subset of IT can be used for automatic identification or the features of character recognition for scanning of cheques or documents. Therefore, IT have commendable role to play to provide increased services in the marketing management of financial sector including service sector. ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN MARKETING Current ethical and social marketing issues Ethics in marketing have attracted so many reviews as it has become an essential element of marketing. Some of the key ethical issues uprising in marketing are invasion of privacy and some sorts of stereotyping. Ethical issues relate to vulnerable audiences in few of emerging markets or selective markets. Hiding of truth in the advertisements of products and services is a major ethical and moral issue upcoming in marketing process. Sexual innuendo and harassment with various other forms of violence are harmful for advertising aimed for children or adults. There have been inclusion of negative advertising techniques and strategies to highlight the disadvantages of competitors to excel in the field. Direct delivery channels like electronic spam mails (Robin, 1987) or controversial advertisements have pushed ahead the borders of ethical and legal morals. Deceptive marketing taking help of humor is a poignant target for social marketing. Switching and baiting have become prevalent form o f obstacles emerging in marketing scenario. Seven basic ethical and social standards are ruined, violated and degraded leading to bad and immoral code of conduct in marketing. Truth is usually disguised; privacy is invaded in the light of frauds; showcase of negative and inappropriate behavior; offensive marketing and advertising; unfair and imbalanced strategies; historic or sexual stereotyping; exposing negativities to children and much more. Marketing with all the ethical and social violations have become evil because of various pitfalls. Corporate Social Responsibility in healthcare industry Corporate Social Responsibility is a key to long term success of the company as it highlights the human face of a business by correctly aligning the values and ethics of a business to match them up with the needs and expectations of the customers. CSR must become a part of the corporate DNA of the business as it includes various issues like sourcing, governance, environment management, labor standards, social equity, human rights, stakeholder engagement etc. Healthcare companies must lay special focus on the needs of the community, workplace and marketplace to plan successful CSR programs to provide competitive advantage to business. CSR will help the healthcare industries to elaborate over the ethical and social issues to enhance stakeholder engagement. Utilization of a holistic CSR program will contribute in getting license to operate in a sustainable manner. There will be efficient utilization of resources resulting into substantial cost savings. CSR plans also helps in building u p reputation of the business along with enhanced level of patient loyalty contributing towards overall growth. CSR should be made an industry norm in the healthcare sector to make the industry ethically sound and socially responsible. The morale of the employees and trust of the customers will help in attracting the quality customers to boost social, financial, economic and environmental performance (Leisinger, 2005) of the sector. There will be responsible competitiveness and would be able to attract the financial incentives provided by the government. Role of volunteer pressure group for influencing ethical and social marketing policies in tourism industry Volunteer pressure group in tourism industry have major focus over modulating the policies pertaining to ethical and social marketing. Volunteer tourists lay much focus over the ethical and social policies adopted by the business or tourism group as the sole motive of volunteer tourism is based over social work including ethical and moral values. Volunteer group will primarily influence the tourism companies to include volunteerism as a social cause in their code of ethics and adopt ethical marketing techniques to make the volunteer tourism famous and widespread among the target marketing segments. Marketing practices must be targeted towards social cause as it is the main essence of this pressure group. Volunteer tourism influences the tourism industry in a positive way as it enforces rules and regulations of marketing principles throughout the business. This pressure group will have an impact over the entire tourism industry in enforcing ethical and social marketing strategies so a s to gain a competitive advantage and gain a large customer base with this contemporary trend in tourism industry. Marketing for tourism must comply with certain laws of truth, ethics, morals, strategies and guidelines. Role of Media in influencing ethical and social marketing The media industry is an important stakeholder in published or broadcast specialization to deliver content and information either in a direct way or an indirect form. The role of media is exemplary in shaping the consumers attitude towards the organization which is complying by the ethical and social standards of marketing. Media plays a role in software companies to maintain ethical environment within the organization. Media plays a major role in providing bulk of information in both the ways i.e. incoming to the organization and outgoing from the organization. Blogs, brochures, newsfeed, reviews, feedback, newspapers, internet, television, radio and many such mediums disseminate information and allows the software companies to periodically monitor their code of ethics and implement those within the organizational culture. Media is the catalyst to shape the opinion of the company (Christians, 1987) and its consumers towards adoption of ethical practices concerned with marketing scen ario. Broadcast media acts as an asset in marketing mix as it is an integral part of advertisement for the software companies to reach a broader mass in remote regions and ensure the consumers that the company do follow ethical standards as set by the government. Media is fundamentally revolutionizing the nature of ethics in a way of socializing and highlighting the important internal facts of the software business. Social marketing policies are also modulated by broadcast media as published and broadcast media cannot be completely ignored as a major form of communication because it reaches more audience than conventional new media. References 1. Rowley, J. 2004, Partnering paradigms? Knowledge management and relationship marketing,Industrial Management Data Systems, 104, no. 2, pp. 149-157. 2. Arnett, D. B., Badrinarayanan, V. 2005, Enhancing Customer-NeedsDriven CRM Strategies: Core Selling Teams, Knowledge Management Competence, and Relationship Marketing Competence,Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 25, no. 4, pp. 329-343. 3. Jayachandran, S., Sharma, S., Kaufman, P., Raman, P. 2005, The role of relational information processes and technology use in customer relationship management,Journal of Marketing, 69, no. 4, pp. 177-192. 4. Cuthbertson, R., Laine, A. 2004, The role of CRM within retail loyalty marketing,Journal of targeting, measurement and analysis for marketing, 12, no. 3, pp. 290-304. 5. Liu, H. Y. 2007, Development of a framework for customer relationship management (CRM) in the banking industry,International Journal of Management, 24, no. 1, pp. 15. 6. Drucker, P. F., Drucker, P. F. 1995,Managing the non-profit organization: Practices and principles, Taylor Francis. 7. Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Gibson, C. B., Tesluk, P. E., McPherson, S. O. 2002, Five challenges to virtual team success: Lessons from Sabre, Inc., The Academy of Management Executive, 16, no. 3, pp. 67-79. 8. Jeong, M., Oh, H. 1998, Quality function deployment: An extended framework for service quality and customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 17, no. 4, pp. 375-390. 9. Yoo, B., Donthu, N., Lee, S. 2000, An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity, Journal of the academy of marketing science, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 195-211. 10. Victorino, L., Verma, R., Plaschka, G., Dev, C. 2005, Service innovation and customer choices in the hospitality industry,Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 15, no. 6, pp. 555-576. 11. Nguyen, N., LeBlanc, G. 1998, The mediating role of corporate image on customers' retention decisions: an investigation in financial services, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16, no. 2, pp. 52-65. 12. Robin, D. P., Reidenbach, R. E. 1987, Social responsibility, ethics, and marketing strategy: closing the gap between concept and application,The Journal of Marketing, pp. 44-58. 13. Leisinger, K. M. 2005, The corporate social responsibility of the pharmaceutical industry: idealism without illusion and realism without resignation,Business Ethics Quarterly, pp. 577-594. 14. Christians, C. G., Fackler, M., ROTZOLL, K. 1987,Media ethics, New York.

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots free essay sample

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots BY DeLukte During the Elizabethan Era, there were many famous rulers. One of the most famous rulers of that time was Mary Stuart. Mary Stuart was the queen of four different nations which were Scotland, France, England, and Ireland and was described as one of the most controversial monarchs of the 16th century Europe because of her royal parents, her problematic love life, her regime in Scotland which ended in a civil war, her association with many conspiracies to remove Queen Elizabeth l, her cousin, from the English throne, and her death (English History). King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise, his wife, were the parents of Mary Stuart (Shostak 225). She was born on December 8, 1542 in the village known as Linlithgow (eHistory). Her mother had powerful ties to the French throne and her fathers uncle was King Henry VIII of England (Lesoine). Since her two older brothers died before she was born, she was next in line to inherit the throne. We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page King James V died before Mary was a week old, making her the queen of Scotland at the age of six days (Shostak 225). Because France helped the Scottish liberate themselves from the English, Mary as sent to France to marry Francis II, the Dauphin, when she was six. English History states, According to most contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even as children. They traveled from one royal palace to another Fountaineblea to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain. They were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to continue throughout her life. Mary was also educated in the traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and earned Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek. She learned to dance, sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters. Mary had a wonderful childhood with Francis, but unfortunately her happiness did not last long. Mary was the queen of Scotland and Ireland, but became queen of another country. King Henry II of France died in July 1 559, leaving Mary and Francis to become the queen and king of France. Her mother died six months later in Scotland (English History). Mary was now the queen of three significant countries. On December 5, 1560 King Francis II died from ar infection only one year after inheriting the throne (English History). Shostak comments, Mary Stuart was now both an orphan and a widow (227). This must have made Mary very distraught. After Queen Mary I of England died, it was unclear as to who was going to rule England. According to Shostak, many believed Mary should be queen while others believed Elizabeth should rule England. Although Henry VII did not receive permission from the pope to divorce Catherine of Aragon, he married Anne Boleyn, his mistress, and had Elizabeth. The Catholic Church had strict rules bout divorce: Since the Catholic Church did not consider this second marriage legal, Catholic rulers and nobles said that Elizabeth should not be able to inherit the English throne (Shostak 227). This caused problems for Mary and Elizabeth throughout their lives. Since Mary had been away from Scotland for thirteen years, she decided to return home and rule it properly. When Mary was a child, the Catholics had been in power. While Mary was in France, Elizabeth helped the arrived in Scotland. Elizabeth believed that if Mary gained enough support from ther Catholic countries, then they would try to overthrow her and make Mary the queen of England (Shostak 227). Mary was able to rule for seven years without any opposition even though the Protestant nobles did not approve of a Catholic queen. Shostak states, Realizing that any actions to challenge Protestant authority might jeopardize her rule, she declared that she would not demand any changes to the new Protestant religion, but she insisted on having Catholic Mass said in her own private chapel. According to many historians, her warm and lively personality played a arge role in her ability to maintain power (228). These were some of the many ways that she tried to please the Protestant lords. While Mary was ruling Scotland, she tried to help her people in every way. One way was by strengthening the power of the Crown against the nobles. By doing this, she was very popular with her people, but was not as well liked by the nobles. English History notes, In the political realm, Mary kept up peaceful relations with France, Spain, and England, though she never met Elizabeth face-to-face. When the threat to Marys reign finally came, it was ot from one of these outside powers; indeed, it came from within her own nation. The angry nobles decided to rebel against her. Marys love life caused her many problems.

The Threat Of Islamic Terrorism Essays - Terrorism, Organized Crime

The Threat of Islamic Terrorism The Threat of Islamic Terrorism With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990's and the cold war over, the international community seemed to be on the threshold of an era of unprecedented peace and prosperity. Instead, a new series of problems was created, like ethnic conflicts, weapons proliferation, environmental problems, population growth, drug trafficking, and terrorism. Terrorism, as defined by Title 22 of the United States code, section 2656f(d), is the "pre-meditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience." Islamic terrorism is a serious problem for the United States because of the threat to national security, the safety of innocent civilians, and the foundations of democratic societies throughout the world. Most of the Islamic world view the West, especially the United States, as the foremost corrupting influence on the Islamic world today. The Hizballah have taken this further by labeling the Unites States as "the Great Satan."(22) This growing animosity the Islamic nations feel toward the Western world has been continually demonstrated by the increase in international terrorism. However, Muslims do not view their actions as acts of terrorism, but self defense and their religious duty. The Islamic radical movements main success or failure has been their ability to gain legitimacy from the general public or from the greater part of it in each Muslim country.(14) During the past two decades, they have had enormous success with their ability to present themselves to the Arab and Muslim world as the true bearers of Islam. They appeal to the lower class due to the shared resentment of wealthy westerners while the middle class and intellectuals are drawn toward these radical groups in order to expel imported ideologies and forms of government(*). Radical Islamic organizations have declared a holly war , Jihad, in order to bring the Arab world together and take their place as a world power. In order to accomplish these goals, these Islamic radicals have mainly used terrorism as their main instrument of persuasion. The biggest and most active terrorist organizations are those which are state funded. These organizations act as both an overt and covert way of spreading the sponsor countries ideologies. The U.S. Secretary of State has designated seven governments as state sponsors of terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria.(13) These governments support international terrorism either by engaging in terrorist activity themselves or by providing arms, training, safe haven, diplomatic facilities, financial backing, logistic and/or support to terrorists.(13) Iran is one of the most active state sponsors of terrorism, involving themselves in the planning and execution of terrorist acts by its own agents and by surrogates such as the Hizballah. Tehran conducted 13 assassinations in 1997, the majority of which were carried out in northern Iraq against the regime's main opposition groups. An example occurred in January 1997, when Iranian agents tried to attack the Baghdad headquarters of Mujahedin-e Khalq using a supermortar. Despite sanctions and foreign political pressure, Iran continues to provide support in the form of training, money, and weapons to a variety of terrorist groups, such as Hizballah, HAMAS, and the PIJ.(13) Sudan is another large supporter of terrorist organizations. The Sudanese Government supports terrorists by providing paramilitary training, indoctrinization, money, travel documents, safe passage, and refuge. They also condone many of the objectionable activities of Iran, such as funneling assistance to terrorist and radical Islamic groups operating in and transiting through Sudan.(13) Since Sudan was placed on the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism in 1993, the Sudanese Government still harbors members of the most violent international terrorists and radical Islamic groups.(13) The countries of the middle east have found terrorism beneficial for many reasons. First, terrorism is an inexpensive alternative to fighting a war, while still spreading their ideology and advancing their political agenda. However, defending against terrorism is very expensive; the United States spends approximately five billion dollars annually to guard against terrorism.(11) Random terrorist acts cause a great amount of psychological damage to the target area. Even though terrorism kills relatively few people, the random nature by which innocent civilian are killed evokes a deep fear and insecurity upon the population. This form of terrorism was successfully used to target tourism and the economy of Egypt in 1997. Publicity is another benefit of terrorism. By involving acts which are designed to attract maximum publicity, terrorism can bring the smallest group to the forefront of attention.(22) All this is done while exposing the terrorist to minimal risk when compared to war. By secretly funding terrorist organization, the patron state avoids the possibility of defeat and

Brazil essays

Brazil essays To do business with Brazilians it is important to understand some of their past, their wide variety in culture, and that Brazil is not Latin America. If the United States is considered as the melting pot; then, Brazil should be considered the melting cauldron. Brazil is the 6th most populated country in the world in which 95% of its population lives near the eastern coast on 10% of the land. Brazil has 165 million citizens and is home to the largest Japanese community outside Japan. Brazilians come from the three major racial stocks of the world: American Indian, African Negro, and Caucasian European (Video: Doing business in Latin America: Brazil; Brazil: A study in development Progress/ Stefan H. Robock, 1975). Brazils economy is the largest in South America and is also the 10th largest in the world. This economy is in a continuous cycle of booms and busts. Stability is not a strong suit for this economy. An investor could make a lot of money soon and they could also lose it as quickly as it was made. In the words of a Brazilian businessman Brazil is like a roller ouster, sit back and enjoy the ride (Video: Doing business in Latin America: Brazil) During the fall of the Asian market, inflation reached an all-time high of 8500%. People used to buy everything as soon as they received their paycheck. The value of the Real got devaluated so much, that the value would decrease almost daily. Employees also expected a raise every month to keep up with inflation. In the mid 1990s the HEOFF (Real plan) plan cut the inflation to single digits and put the citizens back in the world market (www.presidencia.gov.br) Agriculture has vital role in the economy with 1/3 of the workforce producing coffee, oranges, and bananas. Manufacturing was based on government protectionism which started after WWII. Protectionism from imports made the Brazil had a closed market which led to a very inefficient ...

Management environment of Kuwait Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management environment of Kuwait - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that management environment is how the management programs of an organization are organized in a systematic and comprehensive manner. It includes the structure of the organization, the resources, and the planning for developing, implementation and maintenance of a better maintenance policy for the well-being of the organization in question. The management environment is aimed at ensuring a smooth running of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in the organization. It is upon the management to see to it that the organization reaches its goals and objectives, to ensure that it maintains a competitive advantage. It is important for organizations to join collaborations and keep good relationships with other countries. Most of the organizations in Kuwait are complex and it is for the managers to manage and reduce complexity to structure organizations. It is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are i nternal factors while opportunities and threats are external factors. It is an important tool to audit and analyze the strategic position of the business and its overall environment. It is aimed at identifying the best strategies capable of aligning the organizational resources and capabilities to the environmental requirements of the firm’s operation. It is aimed at evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the probable opportunities and threats that originate from the external environment. It is able to view all the positive and the negative factors both inside and outside the firm that affects the success of the organization. Studying the environment is capable of forecasting the changing trends and helps in the decision making of the organization. It is a concept that is evident in the marketing principles. It enables companies to enable the tracking of the environment in which they are operating in or are planning to venture in. It is an acronym for political , economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors often use it. It ensures that the business environment is viewed from various angles that one needs to keep track while contemplating on the idea or plan in question. It is crucial for an industry since it defines what the company should do and accounts for the goals and strategies of the organization.

Bill of Rights - Freedom of religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bill of Rights - Freedom of religion - Essay Example The documentation of religious beginning in America is found in the Mayflower Compact of 1620 which is a common referencing material. In 1648, the â€Å"Lauues and Liberty† of Massachusetts adopted banishment as the punishment to any person who criticized the baptizing of infants. Execution was put forward as the punishment for any one who worshiped any other God rather than the Lord God. The witch, blasphemer or a child who cursed their parents were executed through capital punishment. In 1648 and 1688, a total of five women were put to death because of practicing witchcraft and 16 other practitioners of witchcraft were put to death through hanging on the Salem Common in 1692. In 1660, Mary Dyer who was a Quaker was hanged On Boston Common after it was alleged she refused to stop preaching that the baptizing of infants was wrong and people may have a direct relationship with God without clergy intervening. In year 1659 and 1661, three other Quakers were hanged on the Boston C ommon for heresy. The Puritans of Massachusetts and the Anglicans believed in God, Slavery and witchcraft but they did not believe in religious freedom. (Gunn, 2004, p 442)1(Gunn, 2004, p 442) In 1649, the Catholic Maryland adopted the â€Å"Act Concerning Religion† .This act protected Protestants and Catholics who professed to believe in Jesus Christ from being prosecuted by puritans 2(Feldberg, 2002, p 8). However, the law later established a death penalty among the people who did not believe in trinity and prevented any critical utterances against the evangelists, the virgins and the apostles. Many of the legislators saw the law as helping to reduce religious conflicts but the Puritans of Maryland opposed it because it was very negligent and later requested the American Puritans to suppress the law. When Cromwell came into power in England, the Puritans of Maryland and Virginia joined other groups in ousting the Catholics and the Act was revoked in 1654. As a result, four Catholics were executed, all Catholics priest were exiled and Jesuit estates vandalized. The Maryland experiment in tolerating of religious ideologies only lasted for five years. (Gunn, 2004, p 443) In the 17th and 18th centuries, anti-catholic, laws discriminating against Catholics existed through out colonies. In some instances, the Huguenots who had fled from France supported the legislation. The Pennsylvanians who for along time resisted the anti-catholic laws that prohibited Catholics to hold political office and from voting also embraced the laws. In 1774, the English parliament adopted the Act of Quebec Act which provided religious freedoms to all catholic in her colonies. The Continental Congress and the legislatures in America condemned the Act for establishing an act of tyranny even though; the Act provided partial freedom to Catholics. Thus freedom of religion became the first right to be identified in the Bill of Right. The problem was that the statement of â€Å"free e xercises of religion† was omitted in the fist constitution on the Bill of Right. In 1787, the congress debates led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights but they did not assert that the freedom of religion was above other rights. Even after the Bill of Rights and the constitution was ratified, freedom of religion did not manifest itself uniformly since anti-catholism was prevailing in all protestant settlements. In the 18 century, the prominent personalities in America who struggled for religious liberty like Thomas Jefferson engaged in the condemnation of anti-catholism. John jay sponsored a law which was meant to deny the Catholics political rights unless they gave up their allegiance to the pope. (Gunn, 2004, p 444) In 1786,

NRS409 - Psychosocial Interventions in Mental Coursework

NRS409 - Psychosocial Interventions in Mental - Coursework Example Such mood alterations are considered normal to life until they do not interfere or disrupt a person’s life or work. However, when they do then the person gets afflicted with prolonged agitation, sadness or sometimes even elation along with guilt, self doubt, and anger which affect life activities, particularly the ones that are related to occupation, self esteem and relationships which further transforms in to clinical depression. True clinical depressions are also referred as mood disorders. An episode of major depression can be held for at least 2 weeks during which the patient loses pleasure, feels distressed in almost all sorts of activities. Moreover, some of the following symptoms are also found: Dysthmia is recognized when at least 2 years of depressed mood is observed with some additional signs that are less severe than the major depression and also do not qualify for the criteria of major depression episode. Since, the consumer has been identified to carry symptoms of major depression, thus, the paper will discuss various therapeutic interventions available for depression that have been or will be exercised on the consumer in the case study. Such interventions may be in the form of pharmacologic and medical interventions. However, the case study will be critically analyzed as its scope of practical usage, limitations and strengths. The paper will also discuss the significance of screening depression under the process of collaborative care. The client, whose identity and personal information will remain undisclosed due to reasons of confidentiality is a 25-year-old software engineer, male, and belong to a family of four that includes his parents and a sister. The patient was admitted last to the hospital about 3 months ago due to acute suicidal ideation, following which, the patient was treated in the hospital with antipsychotic medications, and was discharged to home when the acute

Accountability In Administration

Accountability In Administration Accountability in pubic administration is very important aspect to be taken care in every country. The integrity, transparency and accountability are basic principles of public administration and governments must have a check and balance methods to check their bureaucracy for their integrity and honesty. These principles must be adopted and exercised in the country as well as in public administration. The accountability must be done in administration for having transparent and integral government system. Transparency refers to the reliable information keeping and providing citizen services of the country and integrity refers to the honesty and making sure that is no corruption in public and citizens dealings and also no misuse of powers by the public administrators. Public administrators and state heads must develop accountability criteria and the process of accountability must be fair and not one sided. All public administrators and political leaders must be aware of these rules and regulations to abide by so that there are no weaknesses in the process which can be taken for granted by the public servants and politicians. The first basic step in accountability process in public administration is to recognize the efficacy of power. The power or authority is necessary to carry out any development programs and transparency, integrity and accountability can not be obtained by simply cutting powers of administrators (McKinney and Howard, 1998). There is another issue with power that the struggle for attaining more and more powers between bureaucrats, if not eliminated, this conflict can be taken as advantage in future. Accountability is a complex process rather than just tackling the abuses but this practice is essential to attain governmental and public goals. Public trust on departments and government is very important in a democratic country and this can be only achieved by having a fair and strong accountability process in the country. When some public officer misuses its powers and he use these powers for himself instead of using for public service delivery. This also breaks trust of citizens towards public administrators and the government itself. The unethical decisions and acts performed by the public officials are also accountable. The other types of issues in public administration which may arise are blaming of errors on other officer then himself, leaking confidential information, fabricating time/quality/quantit y and reports, misusing of expenses allowed, taking gifts/favors in exchange of preference or personal benefits to clients, taking unnecessary days off and taking extra time for breaks like lunch and dinner etc are some examples of acts by public administrators which must be accountable for ensuring integrity and transparency (Gordon and Milakovich, 2009). In short, accountability is the process for ensuring that public money and powers must be used effectively and with honesty for only public services and country. There must be no misuse of any public power or money by the public administrators and government itself. This also brings trust relationship between the public and the government and its departments. Accountability is a process which must be adopted in every department of the country. Efficiency and Effectiveness Efficiency and effectiveness are important in public administration. Efficiency and effectiveness is desired in every aspect of public administration like utilization of funds by tax payers effectively and efficiency of utilization must be careful, constructive and productive for the public. Effective public administration and services are important because this respond well to the public needs and in a timely situations which are also the political demands of the ruling government and adopt such low cost efficient and effective process which are well targeted, honest, transparent and according to the public interest of the country. Efficiency refers to attaining a goal with least possible cost and resources which is also important to public administration. It is always much more needed to be done in public services and administration than before with spending least resources and achieving more and more productivity. Effectiveness refers to make sure the work done is according to public demands, accountability process is carried out and democratic process is observed (Box, 2009).The decisions made in public sector are according to demands of public which are concluded by the discussions of citizens, discovering issues, developing policies and rules, and managing public administrators to implement these services and programs. Public administration can be effective and efficient if the processes adopted by public administrators are efficient, fast and according to needs of the government and public. E-government processes bring efficiency and effectiveness in the public sector by minimizing the time scales on public level and inter-department communication and processes. E-government enables the public administrators and departments to offer citizen service through one click and their precious time saved. E-government includes online services provided to citizens of the country. This increases the efficiency and effectiveness in spending public money and for right purpose (Cloete and Petroni, 2005). The success of any government and public administration can be measured by efficiency and effectiveness. Peoples point of view regarding the effectiveness and efficiency can be measured time to time by conducting satisfaction surveys, consultations with people directly, and direct individual interaction. The policies must be made keeping in mind about what public requires and where it must be spend and where it must not be spend. In conclusion, efficiency and effectiveness are two basic principles of public administration which must be present in any successful administration. Public administrators who make their policies with consultation of public, consider their requirements and also take feedback about their policies are successful and spending public money honestly, effectively and reliably. The spending of public money must be done according to citizens needs and different tools can be adopted for finding what public needs and requires by the government and public administration. Public services must be delivered effectively and efficiently so that there most of the output can be achieved with the public money and resources. The Legitimacy of the Administrative State The legitimacy of the administrative state claims that it offers opportunities to community engagement and also provides a method for scientific decision making. Rohr (1986) emphasized that the blending of executive, legislative, and judicial powers are aligned according to the separation of powers in a democratic community. He argued that the legitimacy of the administrative state was originally meant for American Senate. It provides a sustainability and permanence to the government system of America and playing a balance role in different constitutional departments of the country government. It also focused on the limitations present in representations in the House of Representatives. The legitimacy of the administrative state empowers future public administrators for playing their own autonomous role by selecting one of constitutional masters where might be clash with one another (Spicer, 2007). Rohr worked on two basic principles: the people of the country if follow illegitimate powers and this is happening in present political environment, a legitimate state must be present to avoid such things. The question of legitimacy of the administrative state was emerged two centuries ago. The legitimacy was questioned because the constitution was not providing base for such an organization. Legitimacy can be accomplished by the state itself by focusing on how it functions and progress for supporting legislations and government. It was supposed before that elected members of the house policy making activities and other relevant activities with evolvement of such policies and how these activities are carried out to present the legitimacy of the administration as well as government itself. Bureaucratic legitimacy is based on the scientific method and professionally. To ensure legitimacy in the administrative state, administrative staff plays their part professionally and specialty. Citizens must trust government because the legitimacy can only be achieved in this case. The legitimacy of the public administrative state can be accomplished by means of expertise, public service, leadership qualities, and vision. Public administrators are responsible for the legitimacy of the state by having direct communication with the community by using their bureaucratic expertise, vision of the government, political leadership and best public service delivery. The legitimacy of the administrative state brings the sustainability to the country and ultimately to the state itself. In conclusion, the legitimacy of the administrative state is the responsibility of the public administrators. They must deliver effective citizen services with honesty and ensuring that the vision of the government is achieved. These efforts bring the legitimacy of the state in view point of the people of the country. The state is considered as stable and strong in terms of its constitution and legislative actions. The legitimacy of administrative state also empowers the government to accomplish their policies and people who elected them to the house must trust them to bring legitimacy. The Politics-Administration Dichotomy The Politics/Administration Dichotomy idea was suggested by Woodrow Wilson in his article The Study of Administration. This article is considered as the base of public administration. The dichotomy offers an enduring image to elected political members, public officers, and students of the public administration. This depicts the real issues of policy and administration decisions which struck in government. Politicians or elected members are liable to make policies agenda and decisions on policies and public servants are liable to administrator programs and providing public services to the community. This dichotomy is meant for eliminating politics in the government departments and leaving politicians to make policies who are elected members by people of democratic country. This has been observed that it is effective to create boundaries of public administration and developing a normative relationship between the public administrators and elected politicians in a democratic community (Svara, 1998). Wilsons suggested that a dichotomy must be present between determinations of government policies must be via politics while its enforcement must be non-political administration. He also emphasized on public sector approach of business like and science of administration. These all formed the public administration early 1940s. This politics-administration dichotomy was used already in Europe a century earlier. It is observed that Wilson essay regarding politics-administration dichotomy is ambiguous (Sapru, 2006). It presented for the first time in American history which focused on the required scientific and systematic study of public administration. His politics-administration dichotomy also urged on professional education which is important of higher education to bring professional bureaucracy in the country. By adopting this dichotomy he appointed on the partisan basis and implies his political power to support his policies and programs. He also successful to bring image of government where administrators were dependent on political and partisan chief executive of the country by adopting approach of centralization and executive leadership while allowing administrator to administrator the internal management matters by giving discretionary powers. Brownlow (1956) was a famous consultant of public administration matters praised the idea of politics-administration dichotomy presented by Woodrow Wilson. In his essay he wrote that Wilson laid a foundation for the study programme which is for everyone in the country who is interested in art or science of public administration. In the modern era, Woodrow Wilsons role in the public administration is not denied. However, it might be argued whether he is founder of the public administration or only a dominant personality for the growth of public administration in America. Wilsons essay about the public administration was part of the administration and politics as the social, political and intellectual ferment till the 19th century. This essay presented the ideas on how to tackle the rapidly changing American economy, social and political-administrative order. The Issue of Representation The issue of representation is present across the globe in public administration. This issue comprises on gender, race, or ethnicity factors. The public administration of any country must be comprised of all races, genders and ethnic groups. The effective representative bureaucracy offers a public administration of all people in terms of demographics so that true representation of all groups is involved in decision making process of the public administration and government. The active representation occurs in bureaucracy when they represent the views of those with similar demographic backgrounds (Kellough, 2010). The representation issues must be tackled down to increase public services quality. Female representation is another major issue in public administration. Because females can only understand better what females of the country need and what policies must be developed to make sure that the public services are offered effectively and efficiently. The demographic diversity must be present in the public officials for tackling diversified issues like religious, ethnic, gender or any other demographic issues. Poor people must be provided with their representation in public administration and government so that all representatives of the community are present. If there is no representation of the poor than there are chances that policies are made only for the landlords, businessmen and corporations. The black people representation is very less in American government and public administration departments and these also created problems for black community. This lack of representation evolved many problems and the trust of black people broken on government (Mosher, 1994). The representation issues are more emerged when there are immigrants and these people representation is not present in the administration. This also creates miscommunication and does not develop trust relationship among immigrants and the public administration. Similarly, the race, ethnic and gender issues creates such problems. The communication gap bears obstacles in developing a trust relationship among government, administration and public. The effectiveness and efficiency is also compromised due to such environment. The representation must be according to the demographics of the country, state and local level. All people must have their proper representation. Females must have their own representation in the public administration as well as in House of Representatives so that all policies and rules are made according to the needs of the females in the country. Minorities must also be represented in the government and in public administration so that the laws must be aligned acco rding to their beliefs and religious independence not compromised. In conclusion, the true representation of every class must be present in the administrative departments and government. This true representation enables government and administrators to develop and implement according to the needs of the people in specific demographics. Equal gender rights must be present in the country and community and this is only possible than there is equal representation of males and females in decision making process. The responsible public administrator Cooper presented the idea of The responsible public administrator in which suggested that the primary responsibility of the public administrator to deal with public interest with honesty and common good responsibility emerged from the fiduciary role of public administration (Boje, 2008). In this the public administrators were the individuals possessing and relied on their own expertise and neutrality. The action taken by such administrators was relied on the scientific and neutral principles. Cooper emphasized on that responsible public administrator knows how to decide an ethical choice in which one might be involved in right action versus wrong action and even sometimes right action versus right action. The individual must build up the skills of moral imagination which involves the capability to create a movie in our minds which must consider the dynamics of the environment in which ethical choice must be taken care (Menzel, 2007). The goal for the responsible public administrator is to bring up the ethical situation of the public servant and develop creative reflection of this situation while not only laying down the public service values (Cooper, 1990). This emphasized on how the public servants are responsible to act ethically and not to take advantage of their powers. Also, public administrators must behave ethically during their public service and do the value-based decisions during while performing their duties. The responsible public administrator must know how to act in a situation where the right action versus the wrong action and in some cases, right action against the right action. The decisions for such actions must be ethical no matter what environment is and also according to values of the government business. Coopers framework provides a solid base for all aspects of public administration involved in decision making and make sure that the public administrator must balance the professional, personal, and organizational values. This framework enables the public servants while they are performing their duties to take decisions neutrally and ethically. Their decisions must be according to the rules and regulations of the government and must not violate any political and governmental rules. The framework not only literate the public administrators about ethics, in fact it demands the actions ethically and practically neutral. In conclusion, the responsible public administrators are important for the democratic government and citizens of the country because these administrators take decisions on all public and national matters neutrally and ethically and also take care of their actions must be according to the law. The democratic government must be successful if they have responsible public servants because there are the people who act upon the government decisions. The democratic government only succeeds by fair play and the public administrators are one of key players of this fair play. These administrators take decisions based upon actions which are right and valuable for community and the country rather than just decision making.

The Effects of Alcohol on the Prenatal Development of Infants

Numerous studies have already proven that alcohol intake during pregnancy results in adverse effects to the physical and mental development of infants. Most of these outcomes begin while the baby is still in the womb, and will continue to manifest as the child grows into adulthood.Some of the effects of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy include low birth weight, miscarriage, stillbirth and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FAS, in turn, has been linked to skeletal abnormalities, cardiac defects and genitourinary malfunctions (Damgaard, Jensen, The Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group, Petersen, Skakkebà ¦k, Toppari and Main, 2007).The Deadly BrewAlcohol is a beverage that can be produced by fermenting several plant products, such as corn, grapes, apples and potatoes. The process of distillation increases the alcoholic content of a fermented beverage, resulting in â€Å"hard liquour† like whisky or rhum. Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in beverages. It is composed of relatively small molecules that the body easily and quickly absorbs (Fredrickson, Nolen-Hoeksema, Loftus and Smith, 2003).Deadlier EffectsOnce an alcoholic beverage is swallowed, it proceeds to the stomach and the small intestine – organs that have large amounts of small blood vessels. These blood vessels carry ethanol molecules into the bloodstream, where they are rapidly absorbed by other organs in the body. Alcohol has the most immediate effect on the brain, as it receives a substantial amount of blood that the heart pumps. In addition, the brain’s fatty tissue absorbs alcohol very well (Fredrickson, Nolen-Hoeksema, Loftus and Smith, 2003).Toxic Components.Alcohol is composed mainly of carcinogencic substances. In 1998, the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) claimed that beer, wine and spirits contain both known and suspected human carcinogens such as acid aldehyde, nitrosamines, aflatoxins, ethyl carbamate (urethane), asbestos and arsenic compounds . A 2001 study regarding the rise of breast cancer fatalities in the United States revealed that women who drank at least one alcoholic beverage daily increased their risk of having breast cancer by 10-30% (Calle, Feigelson, Robertson, Thun and Wingo, 2001).A 1999 study among Puerto Rican men and women, meanwhile, proved that drinkers of alcoholic beverages were more prone to cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (excluding lip and nasopharynx) than those who do not (Brown, Fraumeni, Harty, Hayes, Kleinman, Bravo-Otero and Winn, 1999).Alcohol and the Developing FetusAccording to the article Does Alcohol Increase the Risk of Preterm Delivery? (2000), â€Å"preterm delivery is an important contributor to neonatal morbidity and morality† (Jà ¸rgen, Kesmodel and Olsen, 2000).Given the aforementioned harmful components and effects of alcohol, it is only a matter of common logic to assume that pregnant women who drink while expecting will give birth to children who will either di e early or will have to live with serious health problems for the rest of their lives. What is dismaying is that alcohol intake during pregnancy is a preventable cause of birth defects and illnesses and infant death. Below is an elaboration of some of the effects of alcohol on the prenatal development of infants:Premature DeliveryAccording to Theresa Kellerman, founder and director of the FAS Community Resource Center (an Arizona-based organization helping individuals and families that are affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders), alcohol intake during pregnancy exposes an expectant mother to other forms of high-risk behavior, which, in turn, result in premature labor.These risk factors include sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), physical abuse, drug abuse, lack of prenatal care and poor nutrition.Women who abuse alcohol while pregnant are also more likely to engage in substance abuse during pregnancy. They are also more prone to get into abusive re lationships, which often result in physical abuse and the transmission of STDs. Furthermore, alcohol interferes with the body’s ability to absorb and process nutrients. Denial over their drinking problem prevents alcoholic pregnant women to seek treatment (Kellerman, 2006).Miscarriage and StillbirthAlcohol consumption during pregnancy – regardless of the amount consumed – can result in miscarriage and stillbirth. Alcohol is a teratogen, a substance that impairs normal fetal development and may result in miscarriage, birth defects and pregnancy complications (Bower and Elliot, 2008). Even fathers who drink may be responsible for their wives’ miscarriage or giving birth to stillborn babies.Although males can produce sperm throughout their lifetime, sperm cells, just like other cells in the human body, age – the effects of excessive drinking are more profound on older sperm cells than on younger ones. As a result, men who drink (even if they are marri ed to non-drinkers) are more likely to produce an unhealthy embryo (Saey, 2008).ConclusionIndeed, health is wealth. No amount of expert medical care can replace the joy and freedom of good health. Furthermore, no society will prosper if its members are plagued with various health problems. Therefore, every individual must take it upon himself or herself to stay healthy by assuming a healthy lifestyle. By having good health, a person will not only be able to become a functional member of society – he or she will be able to produce healthy offspring that are capable of continuing or even improving society’s achievements.ReferencesBrown, L.M., Fraumeni, J. Jr. F., Harty, L.C., Hayes, R.B., Kleinman, D.V., Bravo-Otero, E. & Winn, D.M. (1999). Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Oral Cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer  Causes and Control, 10, 27-33. Retrieved June 22, 2003 from JSTOR.Bower, C. & Bower, E.J. (2008). Alcohol and Pregnancy: The Pivotal Role of the Obstetrician.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48, 236-239. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from EBSCOhost.Calle, E.E., Feigelson, H.S., Robertson, A.S., Thun, M.J. & Wingo, P.A.. (2001). Alcohol  Consumption Increases the Risk of Fatal Breast Cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 12, 895-902. Retrieved June 22, 2008 from JSTOR.

Nissim Ezekiel Treatment of Poetry Essay

Nissim Ezekiel’s poem â€Å"Enterprise† describes a metaphorical journey toward a specific goal. The travelers on this journey begin in a real physical place, a desert, and argue about how to cross this challenging landscape. One of the members of the group, who writes the most stylish prose, goes his own way. The rest of the group is left on its own. Some quit the team. The group is attacked by travelers, and over time become unmoved by anything they witness. Fatigue and the stresses of travel have settled in and many of the members of the group cannot go on. By the fifth stanza, the picture ahead is grim. The enthusiasm has faded and their burdens are heavy. Their vision is clouded with the disintegration of the group and their exhaustion. The well-focused goal presented in the first stanza is lost. The travelers are a disorganized group of aimless wanderers unaware any longer of the original motivation for their expedition. Their observations at this point in the poem are about trivial things. In the last stanza, the travelers reach their destination; however, it is not quite home. Ezekiel concludes that this type of expedition is not a worthy undertaking; living â€Å"at home† with inner satisfaction is the greatest achievement of all. The travelers’ consider their journey and have moments of introspection. They come to the conclusion that their expedition has been neither pioneering or notable for any reason. They had thought their journey would make a mark in history. The only problem is that others have made this journey before. It is nothing new. The journey of â€Å"Enterprise† is a metaphor for life and our focus on the destination as the only means for our goals. Some critics have noted that Ezekiel’s â€Å"Enterprise† is also his attempt to bring together two â€Å"homes†: his place of birth and his journey to a European city. His exploration of the idea of â€Å"home† is sophisticated enough to be compared to the same themes in the poetry of Robert Frost, for example.

Battle of Glorieta Pass in the Civil War

Battle of Glorieta Pass in the Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass - Conflict: The Battle of Glorieta Pass occurred during the American Civil War. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Dates: Union and Confederate forces clashed at Glorieta Pass on March 26-28, 1862. Armies Commanders: Union Colonel John P. SloughMajor John Chivington1,300 men Confederates Major Charles L. PyronLt. Colonel William R. Scurry1,100 men Battle of Glorieta Pass - Background: In early 1862, Confederate forces under Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley began pushing west from Texas into the New Mexico Territory. His goal was to occupy the Santa Fe Trail as far north as Colorado with the intention of opening a line of communication with California. Advancing west, Sibley initially sought to capture Fort Craig near the Rio Grande. On February 20-21, he defeated a Union force under Colonel Edward Canby at the Battle of Valverde. Retreating, Canbys force took refuge at Fort Craig. Electing not to attack the fortified Union troops, Sibley pressed on leaving them in his rear. Moving up the Rio Grande Valley, he established his headquarters at Albuquerque. Sending his forces forward, they occupied Santa Fe on March 10. Shortly thereafter, Sibley pushed an advance force of between 200 and 300 Texans, under Major Charles L. Pyron, over the Glorieta Pass at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The capture of the pass would allow Sibley to advance and capture Fort Union, a key base along the Santa Fe Trail. Camping at Apache Canyon in Glorieta Pass, Pyrons men were attacked on March 26 by 418 Union soldiers led by Major John M. Chivington. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Chivington Attacks: Assaulting Pyrons line, Chivingtons initial attack was beaten back by Confederate artillery. He then split his force and two and repeatedly flanked Pyrons men forcing them to retreat twice. As Pyron fell back a second time, Chivingtons cavalry swept in and captured the Confederate rearguard. Consolidating his forces, Chivington went into camp at Kozlowskis Ranch. On the following day the battlefield was quiet as both sides were reinforced. Pyron was augmented by 800 men led by Lieutenant Colonel William R. Scurry, bringing Confederate strength to around 1,100 men. On the Union side, Chivington was reinforced by 900 men from Fort Union under the command of Colonel John P. Slough. Assessing the situation, Slough planned to attack the Confederates the next day. Chivington was given orders to take his men in a circling movement with the goal of striking the Confederate flank as Slough engaged their front. In the Confederate camp, Scurry also planned an advance with the goal of attacking at the Union troops in the pass. On the morning of March 28, both sides moved into Glorieta Pass. Battle of Glorieta Pass - A Close Fight: Seeing the Union troops moving towards his men, Scurry formed a line of battle and prepared to receive Sloughs attack. Surprised to find the Confederates in an advanced position, Slough realized that Chivington would not be able to assist in the assault as planned. Moving forward, Sloughs men struck at Scurrys line around 11:00 AM. In the battle that followed, both sides repeatedly attacked and counterattacked, with Scurrys men getting the better of the fighting. Unlike the rigid formations used in the East, the fighting in Glorieta Pass tended to be focused on small unit actions due to the broken terrain. After forcing Sloughs men to fall back to Pigeon Ranch, and then Kozlowskis Ranch, Scurry broke off the fighting happy to have achieved a tactical victory. While the battle was raging between Slough and Scurry, Chivingtons scouts succeeded in locating the Confederate supply train. Out of position to assist in Sloughs attack, Chivington elected not to rush to the sound of the guns, but rather advanced and captured the Confederate supplies after a brief skirmish at Johnsons Ranch. With the loss of the supply train, Scurry was forced to withdraw despite having won a victory in the pass. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Aftermath: Union casualties at the Battle of Glorieta Pass numbered 51 killed, 78 wounded, and 15 captured. Confederate forces suffered 48 killed, 80 wounded, and 92 captured. While a tactical Confederate victory, the Battle of Glorieta Pass proved to be a key strategic win for the Union. Due to the loss of his supply train, Sibley was forced to withdraw back to Texas, ultimately arriving at San Antonio. The defeat of Sibleys New Mexico Campaign effectively ended Confederate designs on the Southwest and the area remained in Union hands for the duration of the war. Due to the decisive nature of the battle, it is sometimes referred to as the Gettysburg of the West. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Glorieta PassBattle of Glorieta Pass: A Shattered DreamPhotographs of Glorieta Pass

David Beatty - World War I - Royal Navy - Battle of Jutland

David Beatty - World War I - Royal Navy - Battle of Jutland David Beatty - Early Career: Born on January 17, 1871, at Howbeck Lodge in Cheshire, David Beatty joined the Royal Navy at age thirteen. Warranted as a midshipman in January 1884, he was assigned to the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet, HMS Alexandria two years later. An average midshipman, Beatty did little to stand out and was transferred to HMS Cruiser in 1888. Following a two-year assignment at the HMS Excellent gunnery school at Portsmouth, Beatty was commissioned as a lieutenant and placed in the corvette HMS Ruby for a year. After serving aboard the battleships HMS Camperdown and Trafalgar, Beatty received his first command, the destroyer HMS Ranger in 1897. Beattys big break came the following year when he was selected as second-in-command of the river gunboats that would accompany Lord Kitcheners Khartoum Expedition against the Mahdists in Sudan. Serving under Commander Cecil Colville, Beatty commanded the gunboat Fatah and gained notice as a daring and skillful officer. When Colville was wounded, Beatty took over leadership of the expeditions naval elements. David Beatty - In Africa: During the campaign, Beattys gunboats shelled the enemy capital and provided fire support during the Battle of Omdurman on September 2, 1898. While taking part in the expedition, met and befriended Winston Churchill, then a junior officer in the 21st Lancers. For his role in the Sudan, Beatty was mentioned in dispatches, awarded a Distinguished Service Order, and promoted to commander. This promotion came at the young age of 27 after Beatty had only served half the typical term for a lieutenant. Posted to the China Station, Beatty was named executive officer of the battleship HMS Barfleur. David Beatty - Boxer Rebellion: In this role, he served as a member of the Naval Brigade that fought in China during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. Again serving with distinction, Beatty was wounded twice in the arm and sent back to England. For his heroism, he was promoted to captain. Age 29, Beatty was fourteen years younger than the average newly-promoted captain in the Royal Navy. As he recovered, he met and married Ethel Tree in 1901. The wealthy heiress to the Marshall Fields fortune, this union provided Beatty with an independence not typical of most naval officers and offered access to the highest social circles. While his marriage to Ethel Tree provided extensive benefits, he soon learned that she was highly neurotic. This led her to cause him extreme mental discomfort on several occasions. Though a daring and skilled commander, the access that the union provided to a lifestyle of sporting leisure led him to become increasingly high-strung and he never developed into a calculated leader similar to his future commander Admiral John Jellicoe. Moving through a series of cruiser commands in the early years of the 20th century, Beattys personality manifested itself in the wearing of non-regulation uniforms. David Beatty - The Young Admiral: After a two-year stint as naval advisor to the Army Council, he was given command of the battleship HMS Queen in 1908. Ably captaining the ship, he was promoted to rear admiral on January 1, 1910, becoming the youngest (age 39) admiral (Royal Family members excluded) in the Royal Navy since Lord Horatio Nelson. Appointed as second-in-command of the Atlantic Fleet, Beatty declined stating the position had no prospects for advancement. Unimpressed the Admiralty placed him on half-pay without a command for over a year. Beattys luck changed in 1911, when Churchill became First Lord of the Admiralty and made him Naval Secretary. Utilizing his connection to the First Lord, Beatty was promoted to vice admiral in 1913, and given command of the Home Fleets prestigious 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. A dashing command, it suited Beatty who by this point was known for wearing his cap at a jaunty angle. As commander of the battlecruisers, Beatty reported to the commander of the Grand (Home) Fleet which was based at Scapa Flow in the Orkneys. David Beatty - World War I: With the outbreak of World War I in the summer of 1914, Beattys battlecruisers were called upon to support a British raid on the coast of Germany. In the resulting Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Beattys ships entered a confused fray and sank two German light cruisers before British forces withdrew west. An aggressive leader, Beatty expected similar behavior from his officers and expected them to seize the initiative whenever possible. Beatty returned to action on January 24, 1915, when his battlecruisers met their German counterparts at the Battle of Dogger Bank. Intercepting Admiral Franz von Hippers battlecruisers returning from a raid on the English coast, Beattys ships succeeded in sinking the armored cruiser SMS Blà ¼cher and inflicting damage on the other German vessels. Beatty was furious after the battle as a signaling error had allowed the majority of von Hippers ships to escape. After a year of inaction, Beatty led the Battlecruiser Fleet at the Battle of Jutland on May 31-June 1, 1916. Encountering von Hippers battlecruisers, Beatty opened the fight but was drawn towards the main body of the German High Seas Fleet by his adversary. David Beatty - Battle of Jutland: Realizing that he was entering a trap, Beatty reversed course with the goal of luring the Germans towards Jellicoes approaching Grand Fleet. In the fight, two of Beattys battlecruisers, HMS Indefatigable and HMS Queen Mary exploded and sank leading him to comment, There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today. Successfully bringing the Germans to Jellicoe, Beattys battered ships took a secondary role as the main battleship engagement began. Fighting until after dark, Jellicoe unsuccessfully attempted to block the Germans from returning to their base with the goal of re-opening the battle in the morning. Following the battle, Beatty was criticized for mismanaging the initial engagement with the Germans, not concentrating his forces, and failing to keep Jellicoe fully informed of German movements. Despite this, the workman-like Jellicoe received the brunt of the criticism from the government and public for failing to achieve a Trafalgar-like victory. In November of that year, Jellicoe was removed from command of the Grand Fleet and made First Sea Lord. To replace him, the showman Beatty was promoted to admiral and given command of the fleet. David Beatty - Later Career: Taking command, Beatty issued a new set of battle instructions emphasizing aggressive tactics and pursuing the enemy. He also continually worked to defend his actions at the Jutland. Though the fleet did not fight again during the war, he was able to maintain a high level of readiness and morale. On November 21, 1918, he formally received the surrender of the High Seas Fleet. For his service during the war, he was made Admiral of the Fleet on April 2, 1919. Appointed First Sea Lord that year, he served until 1927, and actively opposed postwar naval cuts. Also made the first chairman of the Chief of Staff, Beatty strenuously argued that the fleet was the first line of Imperial defense and that Japan would be the next great threat. Retiring in 1927, he was created 1st Earl Beatty, Viscount Borodale, and Baron Beatty of the North Sea and Brooksby and continued to advocate for the Royal Navy until his death on March 11, 1936. He was interred at St. Pauls Cathedral in London. Selected Sources First World War: Admiral Sir David BeattyDavid Beatty